Maths4U
Menu

Maths4U Original · Learn, check, explain

Implicit functions — 9231 FP2

Differentiate all y-dependent terms using the chain rule.

Notes and key methods

When F(x,y)=0 defines a local curve with Fᵧ≠0, \(y'=-F_x/F_y\). Differentiate again along the curve: \(y''=-(F_{xx}+2F_{xy}y'+F_{yy}(y')^2)/F_y\).

Substitute the point and first derivative only after the required derivatives have been formed. A zero Fᵧ requires separate geometric analysis rather than automatic use of the quotient formula.

Check the conditions

Three worked examples

Example 1 · Implicit first and second derivatives

The curve \(x^2+1y^2=61\) passes through \((5,6)\).

  1. Find dy/dx at the point.
  2. Find d²y/dx² at the point.
  3. Find the tangent y-intercept.
  4. Find the normal gradient.
Show the reasoning

(a)

\(y'=-x/(1y)=- \frac{5}{6}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{5}{6}\).

(b)

\(y''=-1/(1y)-x^2/(1y^3)=- \frac{61}{216}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{61}{216}\).

(c)

\(c=6-(- \frac{5}{6})(5)=\frac{61}{6}\)

Answer: \(\frac{61}{6}\).

(d)

\(-1/m=\frac{6}{5}\)

Answer: \(\frac{6}{5}\).

Example 2 · Implicit first and second derivatives

The curve \(x^2+2y^2=134\) passes through \((6,7)\).

  1. Find dy/dx at the point.
  2. Find d²y/dx² at the point.
  3. Find the tangent y-intercept.
  4. Find the normal gradient.
Show the reasoning

(a)

\(y'=-x/(2y)=- \frac{3}{7}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{3}{7}\).

(b)

\(y''=-1/(2y)-x^2/(4y^3)=- \frac{67}{686}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{67}{686}\).

(c)

\(c=7-(- \frac{3}{7})(6)=\frac{67}{7}\)

Answer: \(\frac{67}{7}\).

(d)

\(-1/m=\frac{7}{3}\)

Answer: \(\frac{7}{3}\).

Example 3 · Implicit first and second derivatives

The curve \(x^2+3y^2=241\) passes through \((7,8)\).

  1. Find dy/dx at the point.
  2. Find d²y/dx² at the point.
  3. Find the tangent y-intercept.
  4. Find the normal gradient.
Show the reasoning

(a)

\(y'=-x/(3y)=- \frac{7}{24}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{7}{24}\).

(b)

\(y''=-1/(3y)-x^2/(9y^3)=- \frac{241}{4608}\)

Answer: \(- \frac{241}{4608}\).

(c)

\(c=8-(- \frac{7}{24})(7)=\frac{241}{24}\)

Answer: \(\frac{241}{24}\).

(d)

\(-1/m=\frac{24}{7}\)

Answer: \(\frac{24}{7}\).

Common mistakes

Practise with answer checking

Original exam-style problems

Write complete solutions before opening the worked solution. The marking guidance rewards reasoning as well as answers.

Examination practice · 2020–2026

Apply the method to recent source-labelled questions from this chapter.

Browse recent examination questions · All topic resources and the full bank

Next skill: Parametric equations →