Differentiate all y-dependent terms using the chain rule.
Notes and key methods
When F(x,y)=0 defines a local curve with Fᵧ≠0, \(y'=-F_x/F_y\). Differentiate again along the curve: \(y''=-(F_{xx}+2F_{xy}y'+F_{yy}(y')^2)/F_y\).
Substitute the point and first derivative only after the required derivatives have been formed. A zero Fᵧ requires separate geometric analysis rather than automatic use of the quotient formula.
Check the conditions
The point lies on the curve.
The displayed derivative formula requires a nonzero Fᵧ at the point.
Three worked examples
Example 1 · Implicit first and second derivatives
The curve \(x^2+1y^2=61\) passes through \((5,6)\).
Find dy/dx at the point.
Find d²y/dx² at the point.
Find the tangent y-intercept.
Find the normal gradient.
Show the reasoning
(a)
\(y'=-x/(1y)=- \frac{5}{6}\)
Answer: \(- \frac{5}{6}\).
(b)
\(y''=-1/(1y)-x^2/(1y^3)=- \frac{61}{216}\)
Answer: \(- \frac{61}{216}\).
(c)
\(c=6-(- \frac{5}{6})(5)=\frac{61}{6}\)
Answer: \(\frac{61}{6}\).
(d)
\(-1/m=\frac{6}{5}\)
Answer: \(\frac{6}{5}\).
Example 2 · Implicit first and second derivatives
The curve \(x^2+2y^2=134\) passes through \((6,7)\).
Find dy/dx at the point.
Find d²y/dx² at the point.
Find the tangent y-intercept.
Find the normal gradient.
Show the reasoning
(a)
\(y'=-x/(2y)=- \frac{3}{7}\)
Answer: \(- \frac{3}{7}\).
(b)
\(y''=-1/(2y)-x^2/(4y^3)=- \frac{67}{686}\)
Answer: \(- \frac{67}{686}\).
(c)
\(c=7-(- \frac{3}{7})(6)=\frac{67}{7}\)
Answer: \(\frac{67}{7}\).
(d)
\(-1/m=\frac{7}{3}\)
Answer: \(\frac{7}{3}\).
Example 3 · Implicit first and second derivatives
The curve \(x^2+3y^2=241\) passes through \((7,8)\).