Two salesmen, \(A\) and \(B\), work at a company that arranges different types of holidays: self-catering, hotel and cruise. The table shows, for a random sample of 150 holidays, the number of each type arranged by each salesman.

Test at the \(10\%\) significance level whether the type of holiday arranged is independent of the salesman.

Members of a Statistics club are voting to elect a new president of the club. Members must choose to vote either by post or by text or by email. The method of voting chosen by a random sample of 60 male members and 40 female members is given in the following table.

Test, at the \(1\%\) significance level, whether there is an association between method of voting and gender.

A manufacturer produces three types of car: hatchbacks, saloons and estates. Each type of car is available in one of three colours: silver, blue and red. The manufacturer wants to know whether the popularity of the colour of the car is related to the type of car. A random sample of 300 cars chosen by customers gives the information summarised in the following table.

Test at the \(10\%\) significance level whether the colour of car chosen by customers is independent of the type of car.

A driving instructor believes that the performance (pass or fail) of students when taking a driving test is associated with their age. The following table summarises the number of students who pass and who fail, and the ages in years of the students taking the test, over a period of three years.

Test, at the 10% significance level, whether performance is independent of age of student.

Two companies, \(P\) and \(Q\), produce a certain type of paint brush. An independent examiner rates the quality of the brushes produced as poor, satisfactory or good. He takes a random sample of brushes from each company. The examiner's ratings are summarised in the table.

There are three bus companies in a city. The council is investigating whether the buses reliably arrive at their destination on time. The results from random samples of buses from each company are summarised in the following table.

Test, at the \(5 \%\) significance level, whether the reliability of buses is independent of bus company.

A scientist is investigating whether the ability to remember depends on age. A random sample of 150 students in different age groups is chosen. Each student is shown a set of 20 objects for thirty seconds and then asked to list as many as they can remember. The students are graded \(A\) or \(B\) according to how many objects they remembered correctly: grade \(A\) for 16 or more correct and grade \(B\) for fewer than 16 correct. The results are shown in the table.

The scientist decides instead to use three grades: grade \(A\) for 16 or more correct, grade \(B\) for 10 to 15 correct and grade \(C\) for fewer than 10 correct. The results are shown in the following table.

With this second set of data, the test statistic is calculated as 10.91 .
(b) Complete the \(\chi^{2}\)-test at the \(2.5 \%\) significance level for this second set of data.

(c) State, with a reason, whether you would prefer to use the result from part (a) or part (b) to investigate whether the ability to remember depends on age.

A town council has published its plans for redeveloping the town centre and residents are being asked whether they approve or disapprove. A random sample of 250 responses has been selected from residents in the four main streets in the town: North, East, South and West Streets. The results are shown in the table.

Test, at the \(5\%\) significance level, whether the opinions of the residents are independent of the streets on which they live.

A scientist is investigating the size of shells at various beach locations. She selects four beach locations and takes a random sample of shells from each of these beaches. She classifies each shell as large or small. Her results are summarised in the following table.

Test, at the 10% significance level, whether the size of shell is independent of the beach location.

In the colleges in three regions of a particular country, students are given individual targets to achieve. Their performance is measured against their individual target and graded as above target, on target or below target. For a random sample of students from each of the three regions, the observed frequencies are summarised in the following table.

Test, at the 10% significance level, whether performance is independent of region.

A driving school employs four instructors to prepare people for their driving test. The allocation of people to instructors is random. For each of the instructors, the following table gives the number of people who passed and the number who failed their driving test last year.

Test at the 10% significance level whether success in the driving test is independent of the instructor.

Two randomly selected groups of students, with similar ranges of abilities, take the same examination in different rooms. One group of 140 students takes the examination with background music playing. The other group of 210 students takes the examination in silence. Each student is awarded a grade for their performance in the examination and the numbers from each group gaining each grade are shown in the following table.

Test at the 10% significance level whether grades awarded are independent of whether background music is playing during the examination.

Young children are learning to read using two different reading schemes, \(A\) and \(B\). The standards achieved are measured against the national average standard achieved and classified as above average, average or below average. For two randomly chosen groups of young children, the numbers in each category are shown in the table.

Test at the \(5\%\) significance level whether standard achieved is independent of the reading scheme used.