(i) Express \(x^2 - 2x - 15\) in the form \((x + a)^2 + b\).
The function \(f\) is defined for \(p \leq x \leq q\), where \(p\) and \(q\) are positive constants, by \(f : x \mapsto x^2 - 2x - 15\).
The range of \(f\) is given by \(c \leq f(x) \leq d\), where \(c\) and \(d\) are constants.
(ii) State the smallest possible value of \(c\).
For the case where \(c = 9\) and \(d = 65\),
(iii) find \(p\) and \(q\),
(iv) find an expression for \(f^{-1}(x)\).
Solution
(i) To express \(x^2 - 2x - 15\) in the form \((x + a)^2 + b\), complete the square:
\(x^2 - 2x - 15 = (x-1)^2 - 1 - 15 = (x-1)^2 - 16\).
(ii) The smallest possible value of \(c\) is the minimum value of \((x-1)^2 - 16\), which is \(-16\).
(iii) Given \(c = 9\) and \(d = 65\), solve:
\(9 \leq (x-1)^2 - 16 \leq 65\)
\(25 \leq (x-1)^2 \leq 81\)
\(5 \leq x-1 \leq 9\)
\(6 \leq x \leq 10\)
Thus, \(p = 6\) and \(q = 10\).
(iv) To find \(f^{-1}(x)\), start with \(x = (y-1)^2 - 16\):
\(x + 16 = (y-1)^2\)
\(y - 1 = \pm \sqrt{x + 16}\)
Since \(y \geq 1\), \(y - 1 = \sqrt{x + 16}\)
\(y = 1 + \sqrt{x + 16}\)
Thus, \(f^{-1}(x) = 1 + \sqrt{x + 16}\).
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