Prove by mathematical induction that, for all positive integers \(n\),
\(1 + 2x + 3x^2 + \ldots + nx^{n-1} = \frac{1 - (n+1)x^n + nx^{n+1}}{(1-x)^2}.\)
Solution
Base case: For \(n = 1\),
\(1 = \frac{1 - 2x + x^2}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{(1-x)^2}{(1-x)^2}.\)
So \(H_1\) is true.
Inductive step: Assume \(\sum_{r=1}^{k} rx^{r-1} = \frac{1 - (k+1)x^k + kx^{k+1}}{(1-x)^2}\).
Consider \(\sum_{r=1}^{k+1} rx^{r-1} = \frac{1 - (k+1)x^k + kx^{k+1}}{(1-x)^2} + (k+1)x^k\).
\(= \frac{1 - (k+1)x^k + kx^{k+1} + (k+1)x^k(1-2x+x^2)}{(1-x)^2}\)
\(= \frac{1 + kx^{k+1} + (k+1)x^k(-2x+x^2)}{(1-x)^2}\)
\(= \frac{1 - (k+2)x^{k+1} + (k+1)x^{k+2}}{(1-x)^2}.\)
So \(H_{k+1}\) is true. By induction, \(H_n\) is true for all positive integers \(n\).
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