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June 2005 p6 q5
2674
Data about employment for males and females in a small rural area are shown in the table.
Unemployed
Employed
Male
206
412
Female
358
305
A person from this area is chosen at random. Let \(M\) be the event that the person is male and let \(E\) be the event that the person is employed.
Find \(P(M)\).
Find \(P(M \text{ and } E)\).
Are \(M\) and \(E\) independent events? Justify your answer.
Given that the person chosen is unemployed, find the probability that the person is female.
Solution
(i) To find \(P(M)\), calculate the total number of males: \(206 + 412 = 618\). The total number of people is \(206 + 412 + 358 + 305 = 1281\). Thus, \(P(M) = \frac{618}{1281} \approx 0.482\).
(ii) To find \(P(M \text{ and } E)\), use the number of employed males: \(412\). Therefore, \(P(M \text{ and } E) = \frac{412}{1281} \approx 0.322\).
(iii) To check if \(M\) and \(E\) are independent, calculate \(P(E)\): \(P(E) = \frac{717}{1281}\) (since \(412 + 305 = 717\)). Check if \(P(M) \times P(E) = P(M \text{ and } E)\). \(\frac{618}{1281} \times \frac{717}{1281} \neq \frac{412}{1281}\), so they are not independent.
(iv) Given the person is unemployed, find the probability they are female. Total unemployed is \(206 + 358 = 564\). Thus, \(P(\text{Female} | \text{Unemployed}) = \frac{358}{564} \approx 0.635\).