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June 2007 p3 q10
2311
A model for the height, h metres, of a certain type of tree at time t years after being planted assumes that, while the tree is growing, the rate of increase in height is proportional to \((9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}\). It is given that, when t = 0, h = 1 and \(\frac{dh}{dt} = 0.2\).
(i) Show that h and t satisfy the differential equation \(\frac{dh}{dt} = 0.1(9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}\).
(ii) Solve this differential equation, and obtain an expression for h in terms of t.
(iii) Find the maximum height of the tree and the time taken to reach this height after planting.
(iv) Calculate the time taken to reach half the maximum height.
Solution
(i) The rate of increase in height is proportional to \((9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}\), so we can write \(\frac{dh}{dt} = k(9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}\). Given \(\frac{dh}{dt} = 0.2\) when \(h = 1\), we have \(0.2 = k(9 - 1)^{\frac{1}{3}}\). Solving for \(k\), we find \(k = 0.1\). Thus, \(\frac{dh}{dt} = 0.1(9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}\).
(ii) Separate variables: \(\frac{dh}{(9 - h)^{\frac{1}{3}}} = 0.1 \, dt\). Integrate both sides: \(\int (9 - h)^{-\frac{1}{3}} \, dh = \int 0.1 \, dt\). This gives \(-\frac{3}{2}(9 - h)^{\frac{2}{3}} = 0.1t + C\). Use initial conditions \(t = 0, h = 1\) to find \(C\): \(-\frac{3}{2}(9 - 1)^{\frac{2}{3}} = C\). Solve for \(h\): \(h = 9 - \left(4 - \frac{1}{15}t\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\).
(iii) The maximum height occurs when \(\frac{dh}{dt} = 0\), which implies \(9 - h = 0\), so \(h = 9\). The time taken is when \(h = 9\), which is \(t = 60\) years.
(iv) For half the maximum height, \(h = \frac{9}{2}\). Substitute into the expression for \(h\): \(\frac{9}{2} = 9 - \left(4 - \frac{1}{15}t\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}\). Solve for \(t\) to find \(t \approx 19.1\) years.