Expand \((1 + 4x)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\) in ascending powers of \(x\), up to and including the term in \(x^3\), simplifying the coefficients.
Solution
To expand \((1 + 4x)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\), we use the binomial series expansion for \((1 + u)^n\), where \(u = 4x\) and \(n = -\frac{1}{2}\).
The binomial series expansion is:
\((1 + u)^n = 1 + nu + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}u^2 + \frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!}u^3 + \cdots\)
Substitute \(n = -\frac{1}{2}\) and \(u = 4x\):
\(1 + \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)(4x) + \frac{-\frac{1}{2}(-\frac{3}{2})}{2!}(4x)^2 + \frac{-\frac{1}{2}(-\frac{3}{2})(-\frac{5}{2})}{3!}(4x)^3\)
Calculate each term:
First term: \(1\)
Second term: \(-2x\)
Third term: \(\frac{(-\frac{1}{2})(-\frac{3}{2})}{2}(16x^2) = 6x^2\)
Fourth term: \(\frac{(-\frac{1}{2})(-\frac{3}{2})(-\frac{5}{2})}{6}(64x^3) = -20x^3\)
Thus, the expansion up to \(x^3\) is:
\(1 - 2x + 6x^2 - 20x^3\)
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